ET1 Carian History
7000 BC, the Neolithic Age paintings depicting rituals for early divinities at Latmos Lake, Bafa Lake
6000 Pioneer Çiçegi Cave in Gündoğan, Neolithic and Chalcolithic artifacts
5000-3000 BC Chalcolithic settlements in Carian Cities such as Aphrodisias, Iasos, Lagina, Ceramus
3000-2000 BC Bronze Age Settlements in Caria: Milas, Damlibogaz, Yukari Mazi, Ahirkoy, Iasos, Aphrodisias, Kaunos
1900 BC, Carians served as mercenaries for King Minos of Crete, and they built boats for him.
14th Century BC Mycenaean and tombs and pottery dating to the 14th century BC in Müskebi, Çömlekci, Pilavtepe’de near Mylasa
Hittite sources mention the Caria region
- Century BC Hittite boundary inscription At Latmos mountain?
- Century, Caria is mentioned in Hittite sources as one of the members of the Assuwa League
1323 BC, Hittite king Arnawanda writes a letter asking their help for Manapa Tarhunda
1274 Carians take part in Kadesh Battle, and they side with the Hittites
13 Century Carians take part in the Trojan War and help the Trojans
- Century BC Arrival of Dorian Greeks to Caria
- Century Proto Geometric settlements in Caria at Dirmil,
7th BC Carian mercenaries in Egypt. They serve under several rulers, including Psammeticus I, Egyptian Pharaoh
546 Halicarnassus is expelled from Dorian Hexapolis because of a sportsman called Agasicles who had kept his tripod for himself instead of offering it to Apollo Temple near Knidos
7th and 6th Centuries, Carian mercenaries in Egypt fought for Egyptian Pharaohs
7th and 6th centuries Lydian Dominion at Caria
685 After killing Lydian King Candaulos, Carian Gyges takes over the Lydian throne and rules Caria. Double-headed axis brought from Lydia and put in the sanctuary of Zeus Labrandios
In 546 BC, the Persians defeated the Lydians and captured Sardis, the Lydian Kingdom’s capital.
546 BC, Despite the resistance of the people of Pedesa, Persian general Harpagus captures Caria,
Although the cities of Caunos and Xantos heroically defend their land, all the cities of Caria and Lycia are captured.
515 Skylax of Karyanda, make a memorable trip on the Indus River to prepare a report for Persian King
499/494 Revolt of Ionian cities, Carians also joins in rioting. After defeating the Ionians, Persian general Dariuses marches towards the south to punish the Carians. The Carian army is defeated first by the Cine River, second at Labranda sacred shrine.
In 494 BC, Carians destroy Persian general Dariuses, his generals, and his army on the way to Pedesa.
48O BC Artemisia 1, ruler of Caria, the first female admiral of the ancient world, commands several ships from the Caria region during Xerxes’ campaign.
480 BC Herodotus, the father of history, is born in Halicarnassus
395-330 Hekatomnos Dynasty
The members of a Local Mylasian Dynasty are chosen as satraps for the Persian Empire. Hekatomnos, who gives his name to the Dynasty, is selected as the first Satrap for the Persian Empire. During the rule of his son, Mausolos, Caria had its Golden Age. Mausolos embellished Carian cities with impressive monuments and mighty city walls
370 BC, Mausolos moved the capital of Caria from Mylasa to Halicarnassus and impressively rebuilt the city, and forced the populations of five cities to move to Halicarnassus
He built city walls and theater and started constructing the Mausoleum, which became one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world.
Mausolos dies in 353 BC. His sister-wife Artemisia II starts ruling Caria, and she finishes the monumental tomb of Mausolos. When the Rhodian Fleet attacks the city after the death of Mausolos, Artemisia defeats the Rhodesians on land and captures the Rhodian Fleet and even the island of Rhodes in a single day
Idreus, the brother of Mausolos, rules Caria. He builds many temples and shrines in Caria.
After the death of Idrius, Ada, the sister-wife of Idrius and the sister of Mausolos, rules Caria.
Ada is exiled to the city of Alinda by her brother Pixodorus who rules Caria till..
334 BC, in autumn, Alexander the Great lays siege to Halicarnassus, where he has strong opposition from Persian forces under the command of Memnon of Rhodes
During the siege, a great fire destroys the city.
Alexander the Great leaves Carian Queen Ada as ruler of the region and continues to Lycia
After Alexander’s campaign, Ptolemies and Seleucid rule over Caria region in a successive way.
133 BC, Caria becomes part of the Roman Empire
Murderers of Ceaser, Brutus, and Cassius come to Caria to get soldiers and money for their army.
Roman architect Vitruvius describes Halicarnassus and its monuments
26 AD. Because of the city’s vivid description, it is suggested that Vitruvius might have visited Halicarnassus.
During Roman Emperor Tiberius’s time, Halicarnassus’s delegation goes to Rome to obtain a permit to construct an imperial temple. They proclaim that their city deserves this permission saying, “An earthquake hadn’t destroyed Halicarnassus for 1200 years.”
Dionysus, another famous historian from Halicarnassus, writes 20 books on the Roman Republic.
Mars temple is rebuilt on a vast terrace
Olympics in boxing. 49 AD boxer Meloncomas from Caria wins the 207. He built an immense reputation for not hitting his opponent and not being hit by an opponent.
The Missionary Journeys of Saint Paul and Seven churches of revelation in the Aegean coast make the Christian faith spread in Caria.
- Century AD, the Mars temple is rebuilt.
301 AD, during the Economic crisis in the Roman Empire, Emperor Diocletian issued an edit and took measures to control the prices and lower inflation.
305 AD Bodrum becomes part of Carian province instead of the former Asian province
During the Byzantine era, Caria became part of the Aphrodisias diocese.
The 395 AD Caria region is under Eastern Roman rule. From a religious point of view, it is under the direction of Aphrodisias.
654 AD, on the way to Istanbul, Arabs attack Halicarnassus
In 7. century AD Latmos region became an important monastic center, and many monasteries are built in the area.
- Century new military zones, themes are organized in the Byzantine Empire, and Caria becomes part of the theme
1071 Arrival of Seljuk Turks in Anatolia, they expend towards the western Anatolia.
Bodrum Region becomes the part of Mentese Dynasty, Rule of Mentese dynasty with its capital mPecin and Balat
1426 Ottoman rule in Muğla Region
In 1402 AD, the Knights of Rhodes built a castle in Bodrum and took the construction material from the Mausoleum and ancient Halicarnassus site.
1482 AD After being defeated by his brother Bayezit, Ottoman prince CEM takes shelter at Rhodes. Until his death, he is kept hostage by the Knights of Rhodes.
In 1484 AD, the Knights of Rhodes return to Mausoleum’s site to get more construction material for the castle.
1485 Great Admiral Turgut Reis (known as Dragut) is born Karabag Village (Turgutreis area).
1521 Ottoman admiral and cartographer Piri Reis visits Bodrum and calls the town “Bodurum”
1522 the tomb of Mausolos was looted by the Knights of Rhodes, who got down to the monumental tomb’s foundations.
1523 After the capture of Rhodes by Suleiman the Magnificent, Rhodes’ Knights surrender the castle to Suleiman and leave Bodrum.
1565 Turgut Reis (Dragut) dies during the siege of Malta.
1601 Mustafa Pasha Tower house is built in Muskebi (Ortakent)
1621 Venetian Fleet attacks Bodrum
1671 Famous traveler Evliya Çelebi visits Bodrum and mentions the town’s boat building.
- And 18. Centuries, Bodrum became a vital harbor because of trade activities with Aegean islands and boat building,
1732 Kaptani Derya Mustafa Pasha of Kizilhisar comes to Bodrum to have a shipyard built.
1770 Russian fleet attacked Bodrum
Between 1784 and 1831, frigates are constructed in Bodrum shipyards.
1848 After Lord Stratford Cunning’s request, Sultan Abdulmecit issues a firman permitting 13 carvings of Mausoleum to be taken to England from the Castle of Knights.
1856 Sir Charles Newton, British archaeologist, discovers the Mausoleum under Bodrum’s houses after the vivid descriptions of the Roman architect Vitruvius. After excavating the monument, he takes all the Mausoleum statuary and architectural pieces to England.
In 1923 Bodrum witnessed migrations. Turks living in Crete migrate to Bodrum, and Greeks living in Bodrum migrate to Greece.
1925 Cevat Şakir, the fisherman of Halicarnassus, is exiled to Bodrum. This exile will change his and Bodrum’s destiny.
Due to the lack of roads during the Republic’s early years, the only transportation was done by sea. Bodrum exports tobacco, almond, figs, and harnup to Istanbul, the Black Sea, and Europe. Also, the cattle and sponges’ trade was achieved between Bodrum and the Greek islands. Sponge diving was one of the main occupations for the people of Bodrum. The town also became famous because of its talented tailors, boat building, and boat engine repair.